Introduction to Italian High Renaissance Neoplatonism

Renaissance Humanism was the most significant intellectual movement of the Renaissance. It was beginning in Italy and spreading to the rest of Europe such as Hungary, Poland by the 16th century. It blended concern for the history and actions of human beings with religious concerns. The humanists were scholars and artists who studied subjects that they believed would help them better understand the problems of humanity. Its influence affected philosophy, politics, science, art, religion, literature and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.The central feature of humanism in this period was the commitment to the idea that the ancient would was the pinnacle of human achievement, especially intellectual achievement, and should be taken as a model by coexistent Europeans. At 15th Century, more detailed observation of man himself and of nature followed in the 15th century with the growth of interest in anatomy, perspective, details of nature, landscape backgrounds, and form and color in li ght. Paintings of the 15th century also reflect the growing curiosity about man’s achievement in Italy’s past.It is this preoccupation with and study of Classic culture and art that gave the Renaissance in Italy its particular character. Humanism asserted the right of the individual to the use of his own rason and belief, and stressed the importance and potential of man as an individual. This concept cana be identified with a belief in the power of learning and science to produce â€Å"the complete man†. At 16th Century, christianity was added to platonic ideal: Neo- platonism.Neo-Platonism in the Renaissance was the philosophy based on the teachings and doctrines of a group of thinkers of the early Christian era who endeavored to reconcile the teachings of Plato with Christian concepts. It a reconciliation of Aristotelian and Platonic ideas with Christian beliefs. The Neo-Platonists, being at the same time both lovers of the pagan past with its Platonic ideals of physical beauty, and being Christians, wanted to fuse this pagan idealism with Christian doctrine.The art and taste during the Renaissance for complicated mythological fantasies intermingled with allegories and symbolisms tried to achieve this fusion of the Platonic idealism with Christian doctrine. The main object of the Neo-Platonic Academy in Florence in the 15th century was the reconciliation of the spirit of antiquity with that of Chrisianity. Neo-Platonism, this philosophy was seen as the ideal balance between the Christian faith and the fresh humanistic concept of man’s advancement through the search for knowledge.This was due to the fact that contemplation of the spiritual rather than the physicala was believed to be the route to both Christian and Neo-Platonic salvation. Many famous renaissance artists were influenced by this philosophy and their artworks demonstrated Neo- Platonic concepts such as the synthesis of classical and Christian ideals, the idealistic po rtrayal of beauty, and the soul’s struggle from physical existence to divine perfection.

Chinese family businesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese family businesses - Essay Example As a direct consequence of Confucianism, Chinese culture therefore places collective interests over individual interests. Their "socialistic philosophy teaches that the good of all is everyone's concern" (Ralston, Holt, and Terpstra, 1997, p.7). This is in contrast with the Western concept of individual achievement and self-worth. This collective orientation is also evident in the manner that Confucian ideals place emphasis on the importance of family, such that most Chinese businesses are also family businesses. This collective orientation, however, is rooted not on the basis of emotional attachment to a group, but rather on "the web of reciprocal or moral relations in which one finds oneself, [and] defines oneself", apart from which "one can have no real identity" (De Bary, 1991, p.3). Thus, for the Chinese, "the virtue of humanity is meaningless unless it is involved in actual human relationships" (Chan, 1963, p.104). This focus on collective interests, bound by interpersonal relationships, is a crucial focal point businessmen must take into consideration for a successful business relationship with the Chinese. It implies that the collective group given emphasis is not exclusive, such that non-Chinese can penetrate it, provided that they build good interpersonal relationships, or 'guanxi'.

International Relationsin UK and Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Relationsin UK and Qatar - Essay Example 88). Therefore, the paper aims at examining the international relation between UK and Qatar with other countries in line with international disputes. The UK’s foreign relations are implemented in its foreign and commonwealth offices. However, the UK’s prime minister among other agencies have vital roles to play especially in setting these polices. It is worth noting that Great Britain was once the foremost powerful nation in the world particularly in the 18th and 19th as well as in the early 20th century; therefore, it is bound to have numerous international disputes than Qatar. Moreover, holding that it was once a major colonial giant, she is bound to fight for its oversea territories that Qatar will never think of the same. UK has had numerous international disputes since 1945 and among its major such disputes include its involvement in the Greek Civil War of between 1946 and 1949. It had also a major role in ensuring there was independent Palestine and Israel. In ensuring the same, it occupied Palestine between 1945 and 1948 until the united nation formalized the independence of these two warring nations in the y ear 1948 (Dellorto, 2013; p. 182). It should be noted that UK was part of the cold war (1947 to 1991) between Soviet Union and the United States where the United States emerged to be the world’s supper power. UK has also had numerous international disputes in affair touching the Arab nations specifically for oil and international security related issues. For instance, the Gulf War where it claimed that Iraq interfered with it oil companies. Additionally, UK has been US’s greatest ally especially in resolving international disputes. It has helped US in fighting its wars on terrorism with Arab nations. For instance, in 2011, under the mandate of the UN, the UK forces helped US in the operation Ellamy where they enforced the Libyan no fly zone orders (Dellorto, 2013; p. 216). Finally, in 2013, the UK supported

Art Management and Marketing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Art Management and Marketing assignment - Essay Example However, owing to the fact that there have been recent dynamics and shifts in this industry, stakeholders have been compelled to undertake proper analysis in relation to the facets of the art industry in order to make sound decisions. This project focuses on a case study analysis of Baxter Theatre and its external and internal environments that affect its success either positively or negatively. Moreover, it focuses on a discussion of forecasted cashflow and income statement of the organisation as well as the financial risks it faces as it continues with its operations. In addition, the case study uses the SWOT analysis tool to analyse the company’s enviroment in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The organisation focuses on curation and facilitating performances such as overnight hotel collaboratives and residency performances as well as provision of a platform for university and high school students to produce films and engage them in networking for a period of approximately two months, thus improving their capacity to perform in the favorite art activities. The long term goal that the organisation aspires to achieve is to create a society where art is appresciated and perceived not as an altertanative means of income, but rather a pertinent aspect of social and economic development. This is to be achieved through capacity building by narturing talent of young artists at university and high school level while creating awareness in the society on the need to appreciate art. There are various external factors that directly or indirectly affect the success of the organisation towards achieving its mission, short-term and the long-term goals. This because of the inherent potential threats and challenges these factors can cause to the organisations. One of the major external factors affecting the success of the organisation is competition from other well established art organisations (Mark, 2011).

Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Strategic Management - Assignment Example In this case, the SWOT analysis is advantageous to help me develop a strong Hikma business strategy by making sure that I have considered all business strength and weakness besides opportunities and threats it faces in the marketplace. SWOT analysis will help Hikma Pharmaceutical to assess a changing environment and respond proactively by using the noted strengths to maximize the opportunities (strength-opportunities strategies), and using the strengths to minimize the threats (strength-threats strategies) and using the opportunities identified to design strategies that will minimize weaknesses (weakness-opportunity strategies) as well as avoid threats (weakness-threats strategies). The Company has a powerful combination of quality products and extensive sales and marketing capabilities that gives the firm a competitive advantage in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). In addition, the Company possesses a successful research and development team and has attractive licensing partners. The Company identifies and develops new generic pharmaceutical products. The Company has a number of opportunities that can make it strategically develop. The company partners with multinational pharmaceutical companies seeking access to the fast growing MENA markets (Hitt, Hoskisson & Ireland, 2013). In addition, the company has a strong product pipeline that is focused on FDA approved and high-quality products in critical therapeutic areas such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders as well as oncology (Darwazah 2010, p. 34). The firm’s facilities in Jordan and Saudi Arabia have been successfully inspected by the FDA that provides the capability to produce products for the United Sates Markets as well as in the MENA region at lower costs. The company faces such threats of stringent drug developments guideline. In addition, there is a fierce competition for

EBay Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EBay - Case Study Example eBay’s fee structure is based on the principle of charging more for the initial amount and less for additional ones. It is therefore focused more on building big with bulk sales, which indeed exponentially increases on the sales graphs for an organization. The high volume sellers get attracted and even companies that have made it huge within the industry now bank on eBay for their inventory sale (Munir, 2010). As of today, eBay’s fee structure needs no tinkering because it takes care of both the buyers’ and sellers’ needs. Hence incremental improvements can always be brought about but no wholesale changes would as such be required at this stage. The next steps for eBay are to acquire renowned businesses that exist in the virtual world and build on the strategy to take over companies for its own betterment and in a desire to increase profits in the long run. The capabilities shall continue to expand in the times to come which would further the cause of eBay and enhance its vision to grow and expand across the board. It continues to grow when there is a need for both the buyers and sellers to get in touch through a collective mindset of growth and advancement whereby eBay benefits just about everyone who comes in contact with it (Reuer, 2009). This growth comes from a collective mesh of connecting with eBay which paves avenues for such participation which in the end increases on the profits for

CWE Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CWE Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example This sets the wheel in motion for others to follow. I have no bias towards Robert F. Kennedy but the quote itself is a great one stressing on thinking differently and taking risks. It tells how once can achieve great feats by thinking out of the box. Most people tend to stick to the routine or bound by conventional thinking. They are afraid to take risks and believe in new possibilities. It is only when we move away from the laid out path that we can find new lands. So it only by thinking out of the traditional mould and embracing new thinking and possibilities that we can achieve great things. Again, you cant connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life. – Steve Jobs This is one of the famous quotes from Steve Jobs’ Stanford Commencement Speech. In this quote, Steve Jobs asks his audience to follow their heart and do what they enjoy the most. Most people fail to understand their true talents because they are too afraid to follow their instincts or guts. What you instincts say might not make much of logical sense at the moment but years down the line everything will seem to be perfect. It is only when you believe in your instincts that you will be able to live a life to your full

Cruise Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Cruise Industry - Essay Example This therefore, divides the market into different influential spheres. The fragmented industry allows all its players to create niches and the market shares where each one of them can work in, unlike in the consolidated industry where there little or no niches for the small players (Enz' 514). Q.2 In the cruise industry the cruising market is a single and segmented entity where products are differentiated mostly by the preferences of consumers and the assumption is that there is an increase in the overall sustainability and completion. Therefore, the cruise industry can be characterized as an oligopoly. The market structure of the Cruise industry is noticeable by the fact that there are few large firms such as the Carnival Corporation, which dominate this market, which all offer identical services that have a significant barrier when making entries in this industry. The cruising industry is widespread in the world and diverse in all ways. It dominates most of the modern landscape tod ay and the economics. Each of the firms in the cruising industry keep a close eye on what other firms in the industry are doing. Thus, a firm’s success in the cruising world is not entirely dependent as a sole entity. The cruising industry can also be classified under the oligopoly as the prices are mostly rigid and competition is not involved through the change in prices. Q.3 Carnival Corp brands are the most recognizable in United Kingdom, North America, among other states. The brands offer numerous customer base products which are highly based on customer cultures, languages and other preferences. Numerous brands that are operated by Carnival Corp usually have synergies (Enz' 516). A synergy is a merger of two or more firms and produces an effect. For example, if one of Carnival Corp’s brands has excellent services and products but has poor distribution channels, and the other brand has an excellent channel of distribution but offers poor services and products, the two could form a synergy and benefit from each other. The firm’s brands range from the carnival cruise lines, Cunard line, Princess Cruises and the Holland American Line. A combination of these brands forms a synergy that is usually more than the sum of the sum value of these brands. Forward-looking statements of Carnival’s annual costs savings can be identified through the estimates made on synergies and the cost of time that is taken to implement the synergies in the brands. Q. 4. Brand strategy: The existing customer information can influence the brand strategies at Carnival Corps in the future by increasing the firm’s profitability and stock price. Customer information promotes the use of effective brand strategies for up-coming organizations. More information influencing the brand strategies is a guarantee of the future ability of Carnival Corp to compete strongly in this competitive market. Additionally, there is a guarantee that the firm will not introduc e any defective products to its customers, thereby reducing the risk of making of future losses. Information from the customers predicts on the firm’s future performance and increases the chances of the firm identifying its faults. Information from regular customers who have cruised in the same routes may remind Carnival Corps that they have to provide new port destinations and products (Enz' 516). Q. 5.Carnival’s existing customer perceptions of its brands: Carnival

George Orwell, 1984 Essay Example for Free

George Orwell, 1984 Essay George Orwell wrote the book 1984 as a warning to the people in the future. Orwell opened the people’s eyes to the way the government controls the people by torture and control of information and language. Also, the government controls by war and fear, brainwashing, propaganda, and several other evils. One of the major ways the government controlled the people in the book was by propaganda. Propaganda is the information, ideas, or rumors intentionally spread widely to help or harm a person, group, nation, etc. In 1984, George Orwell warns us about the use of propaganda by government to control people. The propaganda used by the government in 1984, during the time period of the book, and today is used to keep the government in control, to force people to think in one way and to make the citizens think what the government wants them to. Propaganda is selective information that is given for many different reasons. Governments tend to use this method to stay in control. In 1984, the Party uses fake messages to stay in control and make the people of Oceania think they are doing well for their nation. A message given by the government was Attention! See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay Your attention, please! A newsflash has arrived from the Malabar front at this moment. Our forces in South India have won a glorious victory. I am authorized to say that the action we are now reporting may well bring the war within measurable distance of its end. Here is the newsflash- (Orwell 25-26). In this situation, the Party told the citizens the war is over and they have won. Little do the citizens know, there was never a war happening. The government told the people this lie so that the people would gain hope and believe they are safe. All throughout the war the people of Oceania were sending food to who they thought were the soldiers fighting for their country but all the food really went to the Party. Just like the Party in 1984, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis told their people dishonest information to stay in control. Hitler and his soldiers forced prisoners to send false material back to their loved ones. Concentration camp and killing center officials compelled prisoners, many of whom would soon die in gas chambers, to send postcards home stating that they were being treated well and living in good conditions, (â€Å"Holocaust History† OL). Hitler uses propaganda to cover up mass murders and to make the people back home believe that the ones they love are safe. While the family and friends of these innocent people had no worries, the unfortunate prisoners at the concentration camps were suffering and were being tortured to death. Due to the threat of being killed on the spot, the prisoners were forced to write only good things in their letters that were sent to their families. Today, governments still use propaganda to stay in control. Recently, President Barack Obama used propaganda to defend himself and assure his people would not go against him. When there was a United States ambassador stationed at an embassy in Libya, Obama knew that his people were in danger but did not send troops to Libya to protect the United States citizens. â€Å"Romney went on to say that he wanted to ‘get that for the record, because it took the president 14 days before he called the attack in Benghazi an act of terror’† (â€Å"Due Diligence: Did Obama Initially Deem Libya Attacks a Terrorist Act? † OL). The president knew that the attack at the embassy in Libya was an act of terror for fourteen days and did not announce it to the people of the United States. Obama was guilty because he did not send troops to protect his staff members in the embassy and the members were being attacked by the terrorist group, al-Qaeda. Obama wanted to cover up his mistake so he pretended he did not know that the attack was a terrorist attack. Barack Obama lied to his people and told them that what happened was not an act of terror. Propaganda has been used by governments for many years and a purpose for using it is for the government to keep their power. Governments also use propaganda to get their people to think in certain ways. George Orwell demonstrates the use of propaganda this way in 1984 by showing how the Party forced the people of Oceania into believing what they told them because the citizens had no choice whether to listen to the Party or not. The horrible thing about the Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but, on the contrary, that it was impossible to avoid joining in, (Orwell 14). The citizens of Oceania are forced to go to the Two Minutes Hate where they are taught about the war and they listen to speeches by Goldstein that are fabricated. The people are not told that these speeches are false but are told to listen to everything Goldstein has to say. In the time period when 1984 was written, Hitler and the Nazis did whatever it took to brainwash the people with propaganda. â€Å"If they didnt follow the propaganda they were punished and were brainwashed to believe that Hitler and the Nazis were right,† (â€Å"Holocaust History† OL). Hitler did not care what kind of information he was sending out as long as the people believed what he was saying. If they did not follow it, the punishment given to them was strict and made them obedient to Hitler in order to avoid the harsh punishments. US President Barack Obama has promised to do whatever is necessary to protect US citizens abroad and said he was urging foreign governments to guarantee their security, (Bowen OL). Obama knew that the lives of his people were in danger. He knew that he should have sent troops over to Libya to protect the people of the United States. Although, Obama had said he would do whatever was necessary to protect his citizens, he did not. When Obama didnt send troops to Libya for protection, four embassy staff members from the United States were killed including ambassador Chris Stevens. Governments tend to lie to their citizens without them knowing, which forces to them to believe what they are being told. Propaganda is used by governments to make their citizens believe only what they want them to believe. In 1984 the Party used different slogans to make the people think what they wanted the people to think. The party is trying to convince the people of Oceania that what they want is what they already have. They do not want freedom because it is slavery. If they were free they would not be happy and would not live the way they do. The citizens are forced to believe that war is peace and that being unaware of what is going on is strength. The government in 1984 assures people will believe the government so there is no way they will rebel against them. During the Holocaust, Hitler used media that all the German citizens saw to persuade them with his opinion. â€Å"Newspapers in Germany, above all Der Sturmer (The Attacker), printed cartoons that used anti-Semitic caricatures to depict Jews,† (â€Å"Holocaust History† OL). All German citizens and soldiers were told such harsh things about the Jews who in reality did nothing wrong. Hitler used everything he could in order to voice his opinion. Once the people started seeing this horrible media, they actually began to believe it. The Jews were tortured for the longest time for someones opinion that people began to believe for no reason. Still today, governments try and control their people’s minds by giving false information. The government’s lies are what get the citizens to believe what they tell the people of their country. Propaganda has been used all around the world for several years. George Orwell used his novel, 1984, as a warning to show the future how propaganda is utilized by the government. The administrations use methods like propaganda in order to keep their control, get their citizens to think in one way, and to make their people believe in the government. In 1984 the Party feeds the people information in the form of propaganda which they want their citizens to believe. They do this in order to stay in control and so that the people have no reason to rebel against them. Just as the Party does in 1984, Hitler tells Germany and people all over the world false information so that they think what he is doing is morally right. He advertises his opinion everywhere and eventually people catch on and start believing it also. President Obama also gave his United States citizens false information so they would think he was doing the correct thing and so his people would not go against him. George Orwell portrayed the use of propaganda in his novel, 1984, very accurately as we can see the propaganda that is still used by governments today.

Introduction Of Copd Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction Of Copd Health And Social Care Essay Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a group of chronic and progressive respiratory disorders that are characterized by an airway obstruction with little or no reversibility. Damage to the lungs continues to make breathing gradually more difficult over time. Two clinical conditions often associated under the diagnosis of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which obstruct or limit airflow into the lung fields. Chronic bronchitis is the presence of chronic productive cough for three months in each of two consecutive years in a patient in whom other causes of chronic cough have been excluded. Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis (Lewis, S., Heitkemper, M., Dirksen, S., OBrien, P., Bucher, L., 2007, p. 629). Most patients diagnosed with COPD suffer from both pathological conditions, but manifestations can vary significantly from patient to patient. According to Medline Plus (n.d.), Your airways branch out inside your lungs like an upside-down tree. At the end of each branch are small, balloon-like air sacs. In healthy people, both the airways and air sacs are spring and elastic. When you breathe in, each air sac fills with air like a small balloon. The balloon deflates when you exhale. In COPD, your airways and air sacs lose their shape and become floppy, like a stretched-out rubber band (Medline Plus, n.d., para.2). These disease processes affect the bronchi, bronchioles and lung parenchyma with predominance on distal airway. COPD is a growing health problem not only in the United States, but also worldwide. In 2005, approximately one in 20 deaths in the United States had COPD as the underlying cause. Smoking is estimated to be responsible for at least 75% of COPD deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008, para.1). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also estimates that there are over 119,000 deaths, 726,000 hospitalizations, and 1.5 million hospital emergency department visits are caused by COPD annually(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009, para. 2). Even more alarming are the statistics world-wide. The World Health Organization (WHO) (2007), revealed that currently 210 million people have COPD and 3 million people died of COPD in 2005. WHO predicts that COPD will become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030 (World Health Organization, 2009, para.3). With statistics this rampant, what exactly are the manifestations that cause COPD? Etiology/Prognosis: There are several causes of COPD. Of all potential inhaled pollutants, cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor thought to contribute to COPD. Patients with a history of smoking a pack per day, over forty years, are especially predictive of COPD development. Exposure to passive cigarette smoking, air pollution, occupational hazards such as dust or fine particles (coal or silica dust, asbestos) and childhood respiratory disorders such as severe viral pneumonia can also contribute to the development of COPD. The elderly, patients with a low body weight and clients with a history of alcohol abuse are also susceptible. Prognosis of COPD is highly dependent upon the degree to which the patients breathing is affected and the ability to manage dyspnea, the ability of the heart to oxygenate other body systems. It is also dependent upon how damaged the lungs are upon diagnosis and if they are able to continue to oxygenate the blood without difficulty. Early diagnosis of COPD can help identify predisposing factors; such as smoking, and help provide a better prognosis through smoking cessation and deep breathing exercises to help ensure that the disease does not progress. A late diagnosis, that has affected the patients ability to perfuse vital organs, can result in organ failure on multiple levels and prognosis can be very grim. Further evaluation may be needed to determine the full extent of damage from lack of tissue perfusion. Pathophysiology: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease can be a result of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. An enlargement and multitude of mucous glands are produced with chronic bronchitis, resulting in an increased mucous production and a characteristic cough. Apart from the amount of mucous produced; the quality of the mucous also becomes more viscous in nature, making it harder for the patient to expel. Accumulation of excess mucus causes airway obstruction in the peripheral airway and therefore an increase in airway resistance. Lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages also accumulate which can lead to fibrosis or a formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in the lung fields as an attempt to repair the area. Emphysema results in large part from an enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles. The loss of elasticity of the lung tissue and the closure of small airways is due to the destruction of the alveolar walls. When the connective tissue is destroyed in the alveolar walls, protease is released, further destroying elastin and inhibiting the ability of the alveoli to recoil. Protease affects structural integrity of the alveolar wall. In a healthy individual, the ability of the alveoli to recoil helps to maintain the patency of the airway lumen, especially during expiration. With COPD, there is airflow limitation due to loss of alveolar attachments, inflammatory obstruction of airways and obstruction of the terminal branches with mucus. Airways begin to narrow due to the inflammation, resulting in a loss of elastic recoil and loss of alveolar attachments. Ciliary function in COPD is also abnormally impeded. Cilia in the airway wall normally acts as a force to help thrust mucus or other foreign bodies toward the trachea for expulsion from the body. This function is often impeded by the thick and firm mucus often seen with chronic bronchitis. Lack of ciliary function increases the risk of recurrent infections in the lungs due to accumulation of these foreign particles within the lung fields. Destruction of the alveoli and profuse mucous accumulation destroys the ability of the body to deliver oxygen, resulting in hypoxia. The patient suffering from COPD often struggles to breathe and hypoxic-related dyspnea systemically affects other areas of the body ofte n leading to pulmonary hypertension and heart problems such as heart attacks and right-sided heart failure. Patients with COPD are more prone to respiratory infections, lung cancer and depression. Signs and symptoms of COPD usually do not occur until significant damage to the lungs and other body systems have occurred. Signs and Symptoms: Patients with COPD usually present with signs and symptoms of both emphysema and chronic bronchitis to include a continuous hacking-type cough that produces a thick mucus which is often hard to expectorate. Patient may also complain of significant shortness of breath that presents particularly with exercise or exertion. Clients may also complain of difficulty sleeping with constant fatigue and an abrupt, unplanned weight loss. Patients typically also present with rapid breathing, barrel-like distention to chest and will sit often in a tripod position, leaning forward with arms braced against their knees, chair, or bed. This gives them leverage so that their rectus abdominus, intercostals, and accessory neck muscles all can aid in expiration (Jarvis, C., 2008, p. 449). Due to lack of oxygen the patient might also present with cyanosis of the skin, wheezing and chest tightness, with possible signs and symptoms of respiratory infection. Patients with COPD can also experience exacerbatio ns, which are periods or episodes where the patients COPD symptoms can suddenly worsen. Exacerbations can be caused by influenza, infections or exertion. Other contributing factors include a rapid change in humidity or temperature, exposure to smoke or other pollutants, allergens and dust. According to report from the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) (2009), COPD can be broken down into four various stages to include: Stage I: mild COPD: Characterized by mild airflow limitation predicted. Symptoms of chronic cough and sputum production may be present, but not always. At this stage, the individual is usually unaware that his or her lung function is abnormal. Stage II: moderate COPD: Characterized by worsening airflow limitation with shortness of breath typically developing on exertion, with a productive cough. This is the stage at which patients typically seek medical attention because of chronic respiratory symptoms or an exacerbation of their disease. Stage III: severe COPD: Characterized by further worsening of airflow limitation, patient experiences an even greater degree of shortness of breath, reduced exercise capacity, fatigue, and repeated exacerbations that almost always have an impact on patients quality of life. Stage IV: very severe COPD: Characterized by severe airflow limitation with the presence of chronic respiratory failure. Respiratory failure may also lead to effects on the heart such as cor pulmonale (right heart failure). At this stage, quality of life is very appreciably impaired and exacerbations may be life threatening (GOLD Report, 2009, p.4). With the varying manifestations in the progression of the disease, providers must take into account the assortment of challenges and medical interventions necessary in the treatment of COPD. COPD: Medical Interventions Diet Plan: Needs and Modifications: Individuals with COPD have overall muscular weakness, including the respiratory muscles, that relates to systemic inflammatory process in the lungs. Diet is an important factor to take into consideration, especially in the elderly because the risk for malnutrition increases. COPD and malnutrition go hand in hand, malnutrition and a low BMI of Individuals who are underweight have an underlying problem that relates to an increased metabolism and the breakdown of essential nutrients for energy requirements. In these individuals it is best to modify their eating habits, with frequent breaks to decrease fatigue. It takes a lot of energy to metabolize food, breathing and eating become harder, [the individual] may have to choose between taking a gasp of air or a bite of food (ONeill, 2004, para. 3). For those who are overweight, the problem as it relates to COPD is due to excess abdominal fat. Abdominal fat prevents the diaphragm from expanding completely, which causes a decrease in oxygen availability. This decrease in oxygen compromises the cardiovascular system due to the inadequate amount of oxygen being delivered to the heart and throughout the body. Both malnourished and obese individuals need to monitor weight, food and fluid intake daily. According to Peggy ONeil (2004), intake of fluids, calories, protein, calcium and potassium all play a role in protecting immunity and easing breathing (ONeil, 2004, para. 8). The American Lung Association states that the metabolism of each [nutrient] requires a different amount of oxygen and produces a different amount of carbon dioxide. Metabolism of carbohydrates produces the most carbon dioxide for the amount of oxygen used; metabolism of fat produces the least (American Lung Association, 2010, para. 3). Good sources of fat should come from unsaturated fats such as nuts, olive oil, soy and avocados. Protein is essential for muscle repair and assists in the healing process when an infection or injury occurs. ONeil recommends that generally two cups of milk plus six ounces of protein from other sources each day provide four servings of high-quality protein, good sources of protein, which is adequate for someone with COPD (ONeil, para. 12). Potassium is found in fruits, vegetables, dairy products and meats [and are] key to control blood pressure, muscle contraction, and nerve impulses transmission. Normal serum potassium levels help with optimal muscle contraction to aid breathing (ONeill, para. 15). Excessive need for increased nutritional intake is imperative for the adequate daily functioning and maintenance in the COPD client. In order to facilitate sufficient digestion and proper absorption of food the patient should remain upright after meals to prevent the stomach from pushing on his diaphragmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦limit intake of carbonated beveragesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[and to consume] soft, easy-to-chew foods to prevent him from becoming short of breathe while eating (ONeil, 2004, para. 16). Consumption of clear fluids should be encouraged to prevent dehydration and also to help thin mucous secretions. Appropriate Medications and Diagnosis: Although there is controversy over the amount of oxygen to give a patient with COPD, it is generally understood that the long term use of oxygen therapy improves survival, exercise capacity, cognitive performance, and sleep (Lewis et al., p. 640). There are various ways that oxygen therapy can be administered to a patient with COPD. In hospitals the most precise delivery of oxygen therapy is through the use of the venturi mask, however most patients prefer to use the nasal cannula. The structure of the nasal cannula allows the patient to perform daily activities such as eating and talking without interrupting oxygen delivery. When oxygen therapy is used in conjunction with smoking cessation it improves the patients quality of life by increasing the amount of available oxygen and increasing systemic perfusion. Depending on the severity of COPD, bronchodilators such as beta2-antagonist, anticholinergic, and methylxanthine (Lewis et al., 2007, p. 639) will be given to relax the smooth muscles of the airway, and to increase gas exchange. These medications can be administered as an inhalant or by the oral route. For those experiencing moderate-to-severe COPD, glucocorticoid therapy may be combined with a bronchodilator to decrease inflammation of the airways. Inhaled glucocorticoids are preferred over oral glucocorticoids for long term treatment, because oral treatments can lead to adrenal insufficiency and Cushings syndrome. (See Appendix A). Patient should expect to experience improved oxygen utilization. Diagnostic Tests and Lab Work: Pulmonary functions test measures the intake and output of air in the lungs and is used to confirm the diagnosis of COPD. There are four components to pulmonary function testing, [which consist of]: spirometry, postbronchodilator spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis, 2010, para. 3). Also, there are many diagnostic studies that support the diagnosis of COPD, such as chest x-rays, arterial blood gases, echocardiogram and electrocardiogram (ECG) (Lewis et al., p. 638). X-rays are not the preferred method of diagnosing COPD since it cannot pick up abnormalities until COPD is in the later stages. Arterial blood gases are performed to monitor the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. In individuals with COPD typical findings are low PaCO2, elevated PaCO2, decreased or low-normal pH, and increased bicarbonate (HCO3) levels (Lewis et al., 2007, p. 638). COPD can cause right sided heart failure related to pulmonary hypertension so patient should be monitored regularly by ECG and echocardiogram. As discussed earlier, changes in the lungs are related to smoking, toxins in the environment or occupation. In order to identify the causative effects of these toxin, clinical trials are being conducted to development new diagnostic tests that are aimed at identify early neoplastic changes in the lung. For example, advanced imaging techniques such as the PET scan is able to reveal metabolically active nodule [that are] highly indicative of malignancy (Petty Miller, n.d. p. 7), that could not be found with prior diagnostic tests. Also, a tissue autofluorescence, which is an enhanced bronchoscopy technique, can indicate a high likelihood of malignancy (Petty Miller, p. 7) in the lung tissue, that cannot be seen in a CT scan or chest X-ray. Hopefully, these clinical studies as they become available to the general population, will not only identify acute changes in the lung structure in advance, but also could potentially assist in finding a cure for lung diseases. Treatment and Treatment Options: Medications can make COPD patients more comfortable, but there is no overall curative treatment. The disease itself extends beyond the airways and lungs to include other body systems, (Barnett, 2008, p. 30). The goal in treatment is aimed at the controlling the symptoms involved in these various areas of the body and to reduce the inflammatory response in the lungs. To do this, the patient will need to modify their diet and lifestyle habit to prolong the quality of their life. As discussed earlier, emphysema and bronchitis constitute the disease known as COPD. The management and treatment of these two diseases is necessary for the patient to live a quality life. The medical treatments used to treat COPD was reviewed earlier, there are also non-pharmacological treatment options available that slow the progression of the disease and the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. One non-pharmacological treatment option is pulmonary rehabilitation. The goal of this treatment is to: break the vicious cycle of increasing inactivity, breathlessness and physical de-condition, and improving exercise capacity and functional status as well as improving individual patients self-management skillsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Pulmonary rehabilitation is conducted by physiotherapist and respiratory nurses. Each session is based on the patient exercise tolerance and consists of one to two sessions a week for about an hour, for 6-8 weeksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ then followed by an educational component to enable to the patient to make lifestyle changes to help them cope better with living with COPD (Barnett, p. 31). There are various energy conservation techniques that a patient can use to improve the quality of available oxygen. Often COPD patients struggle to breathe. The overall goal of the following energy conservation techniques is to help the patient breath better and to improve activities of daily living by relieving the distressing symptoms that accompany COPD. According to Barnett (2008), these techniques are: Exhale during strenuous part of an activity and use pursed lips to reduce to work of breathing, alter strenuous activities with easier tasks, place items within easy reach, to reduce bending and stretching for items, If needed, use aids and equipment such as electronic wheel chairs and to sit down to perform many of the daily activities (Barnett, 2008, p. 32). With a healthy individual, there is a low residual of air that remains in the lung. With the COPD patient, the volume of trapped air is increased and therefore decreases oxygen exchange within the lungs. Stress reducing techniques can help relax the patient. Therefore the patient can exhale the excess retained carbon dioxide and inhale even greater amounts of saturated oxygen with each new breathe. Hence, the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is improved. Individuals should be updated on immunizations, even more so if a patient has COPD. According to the CDC (2010) adult immunization schedule, patients with chronic lung disease are required to have one annual influenza and one or two pneumococcal inoculations within the patients lifetime (CDC, 2010, p. 2). If the patient becomes infected with influenza or pneumonia, damage to the lung fields can be exacerbated if not treated quickly and can possibly lead to death. COPD: Holistic Assessment of Patient Scenario: Mr. Johnson is a 73 year old male who has presented to the Emergency Department for the third time this week with dyspnea. Patient has been smoking a minimum of one pack per day for the past 46 years. Patient is currently on two liters of supplemental oxygen at home via nasal cannula and states that he cannot seem to catch his breath. Mr. Johnson is leaning over the side of the bed in tripod position, gasping with supraclavicular retractions noted on inhalation. As a nurse, what do you think could be wrong with your patient? Physical Assessment Upon further evaluation, the nurse notices that Mr. Johnson also has a non-productive hacking-type cough that has persisted throughout the triage process. Mr. Johnson complains, I just cannot seem to get this thick mucus up out of my throat and I feel like I am suffocating, like I cannot catch my breath! Patient appears to be bracing himself over the side of the chair in a tripod position. The nurse is a waiting for the provider to place orders in the computer for the clients chest x-ray. A venturi mask is placed on the patient and oxygen delivery is set to be administered at three liters of oxygen per minutes. This intervention successfully alleviates the patients rapid and shallow respirations, as well as the circumoralcyanosis. Upon auscultation the nurse notices diminished lung sounds over the left and right lower lung fields with auditory wheezing upon exhalation. The nurse also notices a barrel-like distention to the patients chest. The nurse begins to take the patient to radio logy and abruptly stops as the patient begins to weep inconsolably. What could be the likely factor associated with the emotional reaction exhibited with the patient? Psychosocial Assessment: To make an accurate assessment of the patients psychological reaction, the nurse casually begins to inquire about the patients daily activities. The patient divulges to the nurse that he has lost his job, is no longer able to care for himself and feels a sense of guilt that he has become burdensome on his family members. Patient states, I have a loving family, but feel as though they would be better off without me. I know I shouldnt feel this way, but I have been depressed and feeling lonely for some time now. The nurse recognizes that the patient is displaying signs of depression, low self-esteem and lack of autonomy with loss of control over his personal life. The priority nursing interventions for this patient should include a referral to a mental health agency and community outreach programs that can assist the patient to meet the psychological strains produced by his current health situation. The patient then covers his face and whispers in a soft undertone, I cannot even afford to pay for my groceries, much less this visit! How can I afford this referral? With this statement in mind, what priority nursing assessment should the nurse consider? Socioeconomic Assessment: Mr. Johnson is one of many faces dealing with the strains and financial hardship associated with COPD. The overall costs of COPD are overwhelming. According to the Harvard University (2008), the annual cost to the nation for COPD (emphysema and bronchitis) is approximately $32.1 billion, including healthcare expenditures of $18.0 billion and indirect costs of $14.1 billion (Harvard University: Healthcare delivery- Deconstructing the costs, 2008, para 58). The global statistics are even more astounding. According to the American College of Chest Physicians (2003), the global direct yearly costs of chronic bronchitis and COPD patient was $1876. The cost generated by the patients with COPD was $1,760.00 [per patient/year/costs], but the cost of severe cases ($2,911 per year) [per patient/year/costs] was almost double that of mild cases ($1484 per year) [per patient/year/costs] (Miravitlles, Murio, Guerrero, Gisbert, 2003, p.786). With these statistics in mind, what are some of the teac hing points that a nurse can utilize to assist the COPD patient? Health Teaching and Community Resources: The nurse must take in various considerations when assisting the COPD patient. How well is the patient able to tolerate activity? Does the patient suffer from dyspnea related disturbance in their sleep pattern? What are the patients physical or financial resources? A patient that has a hard time meeting monthly utility bills is far less likely to be compliant with a medical regime. The nurse should focus on trying to coordinate social work service to help the patient to meet healthcare needs. If the patient has a family member, how does this affect his or her role if they are primary breed winner in the family? Interview should point out any psychological stressors that may be affecting the patient and should determine if therapy may be required. Primary education should focus on convincing the patient to quit smoking. Inform the patient to keep up to date on immunizations such as annual flu and pneumonia vaccines. Patient should compliantly take prescribed medications and avoid second-hand smoke or exposure to other irritants such as dust, smog, extreme heat or cold and high altitudes, pollutants that can exacerbate symptoms. COPD patients must increase fluid intake to decrease viscosity of mucous secretions in addition to maintaining an adequate nutritional status to facilitate extra nutritional requirements. Diets should be low in saturated fat and should include various fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Highly emphasize to the patient that use of oxygen therapy should be only used as directed and control of respirations with pursed lip technique. Direct the patient to take frequent breaks to minimize fatigue. Pacing of activities throughout the day will minimize undue stress on the lungs. It may be necessary to coordin ate follow-up appointments for the patient; however signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing or the desire to lean forward to aid in breathing will warrant an earlier visit. A trip to the emergency room will be necessary if the patient starts to have sudden, severe shortness of breath, or if they become lightheaded, weak, faint or experience chest pain with a rapid, irregular heart rate. Conclusion Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a progressive and debilitating disease process that wreaks havoc on the patients cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Management of COPD can be maintained and symptoms minimized through adequate diet interventions, medication regimens, completing diagnostic exams and lab tests. Though COPD is a preventable disease, the realistic nature of the disease process requires a nurse that is knowledgeable, caring and sympathetic to the patients overall needs.

Defining Environmental Philosophy Essay -- Environmental Philosophy En

Defining Environmental Philosophy The Greek word 'philosophy' means literally the (filial) love of wisdom. But 'wisdom' is not a commonly used word in our society so we need to make some effort to locate its meaning. What is indicated by the tradition in which philosophy seeks wisdom rather than merely knowledge or justified belief? While Plato and Aristotle did not agree on the basis of wisdom, they clearly did agree that wisdom is acquired with age and that it transcends mere knowledge about the objects surrounding us in the perceived world. Without stretching the issue too far, I also think it can be said that they agreed that wisdom, in the end, is fundamentally moral. It is not surprising, then, that contrasting wisdom with knowledge usually finds our examples of wisdom on the side of suggesting how something should be dealt with best. Consider a simple example. The courses in a particular department have been scheduled at specific times and in particular places. There is much in this matter that we can know or at least have justified belief about. We can know the scheduled times and places by reading in the official course schedule; and we can believe that the chair of the department got the assignments to the Registrar of the college on time so that they could be included in the schedule. On the other han d, whether or not the department has acted wisely in making these choices transcends the facts of the matter and requires deeper consideration of many issues. It should be clear, in saying this, that "acting wisely" means acting for the best. How can we ever know what "acting for the best" is in a given situation? If we carry the example, above, a little further, we can get some ideas. The selection of a particul... ...n to pose them. First, are there values to us in identifying and studying natural environments? Hence, does preservation of natural environments matter? Second, is there an ethics of balance in which humans are mutually involved with all the other objects of the world? As mentioned earlier, I believe that many of the answers will be found in literature and art before they are found in the arguments of professional philosophers. And the reason for this is that writers and artists have taken the lead in trying to understand the nature of land as a "place" and in trying to understand the nature of place as human "home." Ethics is essentially a conversation. To include nature in ethical conversations demands a vocabulary of nature --- hence, a keen awareness, detailing of observations, and an enthusiasm for description of the natural world that environs and includes us.

hierarchy of Morality :: essays research papers

Excerpt from â€Å"The Immorality of Morals and the Future of Amorality† Most authors seem to promote one or the other of two functions for morality, internal cohesion and external threat. However morality served both equally well. In Darwinism, Dominance and Democracy by Somit and Peterson, the authors state, "Humans are social primates, closely (almost embarrassingly) akin genetically to the chimpanzees and only slightly less so to the gorillas. Working over at least 10 million years, natural selection has endowed the social primates with a predisposition (to understate the matter) for hierarchical social structures. That is, they invariably form groups, troops, tribes, and societies characterized by marked differences in individual status in terms of dominance and submission, command and obedience, and by unequal access to many of the good things of life. This form of morality then serves inclusive fitness; it is there for one reason, to improve the survivability of the tribe. SOMIT AND PETERSON later state, "Indoctrinability, then, toge ther with dominance, hierarchy, and obedience, is one of the innate behavioral capacities and characteristics of our species. As might be expected, in most instances indoctrinability serves to support and reinforce these generally authoritarian tendencies. Under other and fairly special conditions, though, indoctrinability provides a window of opportunity for the acceptance of democratic ideas and of political actions that, if successful, lead to the establishment of a democratic polity." And later, "From a neo-Darwinian perspective, individual selection for indoctrinability in a language-capable species makes sound evolutionary sense. When individuals accept the same values, conflict and violence will be diminished, resulting in a more stable society. From the vantage point of the conforming individual, relative order and tranquility, in turn, are likely to result in greater reproductive success and, hence, inclusive fitness." The idea of morals and values are one of the most debated topics in the world of critical thinking. Life times can be spent philosophizing about the morality of our human race and the shared â€Å"innate† values. Hence forth this excerpt which talks directly (as well as indirectly) about the genealogy of values and morals in a society of humans comparatively to that of nature. There are many ideas brought forth from this paragraph, most stemming from the doctor of the Natural Selection, Charles Darwin. The basis of Darwin’s studies stem from change over a long period of time for the betterment of a group or species. Darwin’s studies that mostly of physiological changes revert to development of needed traits for the increased survival of a group.

Animal Species Essay

1. On the diagram below, what percentage of energy (from the choices in blue on the left) is transferred from a producer to a: (A) secondary consumer, (B) tertiary consumer, (C) quaternary consumer? The producer takes 100% from the sun then gives 10% to the primary consumer then 1% to the secondary consumer then .1% to the tertiary consumer and then .01% to the quaternary consumer. 2. Look at the quote from Rachel Carson on the first page. What do you think the quote means? Use some of the terms we have covered regarding the topic of food webs in your one to two paragraph explanation. â€Å"All the life of the planet is inter-related†¦Ã‚  each species has its own ties to others, and  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦all are related to the earth.† I think she’s referring to the consumption between the animals going all around the world and going to the past life, similar to earth because all the animals eventually die and are tied together on earth. The food chain connects everyone and everything together in some way which is key to life on earth. 3. Why is it beneficial that many predatory fish have larval and juvenile stages that feed at a low trophic level, while the adults feed at a tertiary or quaternary trophic level? It’s beneficial because then they’re not competing for the same food. If the juvenile are eating something different it will help them actually make it to adulthood. Also juvenile fish don’t have the same energy as the adults so they eat in the low trophic level because it’s an easier and safer feed. 4. Not all adults feed at a high trophic level. Whale sharks (50 ft) are the largest fish and feed on plankton and small fish, while Great White sharks (20 ft) are the largest carnivorous fish and feed on sea lions, seals and large fish. Blue whales (100 ft) are the largest whale and feed primarily on plankton and krill, while the Sperm whale (45 ft) is the largest carnivorous whale feeding on fish and very large squid. (a) How does the location of each animal’s position in relation to the producers contribute to their size? Be sure to look at the food chain and the amount of energy that is being transferred between the levels. –I think the location of an animal correlates with ones size because if you think of a wale compared to costal fish you know they can’t eat the same things considering a wale being right offshore is highly unlikely. Plus the larger animals (like a whale) won’t have as much energy  as a smaller animal to catch its food so they would eat in the low trophic level because it’s easier to get, and takes less energy. (b) Why do you suppose the plankton feeders are able to attain such large sizes compared to the carnivores? –The main reason I feel that plankton eaters are able to attain such large sizes is because plankton are not a hard catch compared to trying to catch a seal or chase a school of fish. Plankton eaters can eat a lot more, while saving energy, which is perfect for bigger animals.

Film Study: the Shining

Film is an important part of culture, because it combines aspects such as song, story-telling, art and expression. The scenes of a film come together to create harmony and to express an idea. The Shining is a film that expressed Stephen King’s novel in a cinematic way. In every scene from this film there are indications of formalist techniques, when viewed all together as a movie, the idea of this movie being formalist is ensured.The movement of the camera when we follow Danny down the hallways, the creepy soundtrack and the editing when Danny sees the two girls; every one of these make up a formalist film. Formalism in film is described as manipulating techniques and making the manipulations evident to its audience. In formalist films, the audience can sense the presence of the artist; they can detect the style and character of the director. In the scene where Danny rides his tricycle through the corridors of the hotel, the camera’s presence is made evident.It isn†™t a subtle movement that can be found in a classical film. For example, in Hollywood’s new Premium Rush where Joseph Gordon-Levitt’s character and Dania Ramirez’s character are talking on Bluetooth while riding their bikes, the camera is simply side scrolling or facing the character head on. In the shining, the camera as a human feel to its movement, this creates a spine tingling feeling for the audience. The technical use of the steadicam creates a feeling of a supernatural presence in the room.It gives the camera more purpose than just to show the film, it makes the camera part of the film; it is an extra character. On set, the steadicam is following Danny, but in the movie, the haunted essence follows Danny, and this mood is created by using a formalistic camera technique. When this technique is used throughout the film, we know that something supernatural is about to be discovered. With this in mind, we anticipate the next scene of the film, we anticipate the moments where the haunted essences will visit Jack and his family.Film isn’t only about what we see on screen, it is also about what we hear. The sounds from the film can be diegetic, meaning the source of the sound is from the environment of the film, or non-diegetic, meaning the sound is coming from the cinematic experience or the outside world of the story. In The Shining, the non-diegetic sounds become very important in identifying the film as formalist. I am talking about the screeching noises that appear whenever something bad or supernatural is about to occur.Usually, we are exposed to more classical musical instruments such as pianos, guitars, flutes, etc. Though, in this film, they used a more unique sound; this music could have been created by a waterphone. The piercing sounds become irritating to its audience, and it is evident that the characters in the film do not hear the sound, because they would be covering their ears if they did. In classical films, the director would choose more subtle music to accommodate the scenes, but since this is a formalist film, the director used this annoyingly piercing music.These sounds are put into the film for the audience’s experience, they aren’t part of the on screen story, but they are part of the film, like an additional decoration. This technique makes the audience question what could happen next, so the audience anticipates horror when they hear this music. This is something we don’t usually see in classical productions. In The Shining, the music ties into the haunted essence; it tells a story. Anticipation will be felt simply by hearing the music, and this is a strong cinematic technique.In Stand By Me, when Gordie asks his mother where his canteen is and his father answers it is in his deceased brother’s room, Gordie goes into the room and there is a great feeling of sadness in this scene. This film used more classical instruments, and you can notice the difference between the classical film and the formalist one. Though, if the director decided not to play music during this scene, we might not have felt the same amount of sadness, and this would have been more formalist.Music affects us incredibly, and the absence of music does too, so it is vital for the director to choose the film’s music according to what emotion they are trying to achieve. In The Shining, it is always the feeling of suspense, and the bone chilling sounds of what might be a waterphone creates this feeling in an eerie formalist way. As you can see by the previous paragraph, the movie is not done once the filming is done; there are many things to be added such as the music. Another essential part of making the film a success is its editing.In The Shining, Danny finds two girls in the hallway and he sees what massacre they have been through and this scene is heavily edited with different shots. During this two minute scene, there are 19 shots. Classical films don†™t cut to different shots this often, because it is sometimes irritating to the audience. Although, Formalist directors do what they think will work best for the film, and not the audience. If they don’t understand the cinematic techniques, the director won’t change their ideas to please the audience a certain way. They put their emotions and creativity into their films.The way Stanley Kubrick edited this together created harmony. It told its audience this is what Danny is seeing, even if the flashes of the murder image are irritating, gruesome and unexpected. This image is what’s being planted in Danny’s brain, this bloody murder scene of the two girls. This technique makes the audience feel uneasy. When the dead girls appear, it’s a scene so gruesome that the audience doesn’t want to see it again, but it appears as a flash again, and again, and again. This makes the scene even more repulsing and creepy. Also, by cutting so quickly from s hot to shot, this scene shocks the audience.Editing shots like this is a good technique if you want your audience to experience a lot of emotion at once; it also puts the audience in Danny’s head. The flashbacks to the murder scene are happening in Danny’s head and on the screen for its audience. These editing techniques make The Shining a different experience, and definitely a formalistic film. The reason why The Shining is such a strong horror movie is because of its film techniques (and not to mention story). The use of the steadicam, the music incorporated and the editing create a complex film. These three techniques work to create harmony.These three elements are formalist, and when they come together, they create a formalist film. The harmony of this movie really comes from the feel of the steadicam cooperating with the music and editing. The steadicam created a creepy haunted feeling, and the music added emphasis to the creepiness and the editing made everything more anticipated and anxious. When these elements are combined, you get a horror film. Nothing in this film clashes with the director’s idea of it being a horror. All the techniques are used for horror and aspects surrounding horror such as anxiety, creepiness, suspense, eeriness, etc.The movement of the camera created a supernatural feeling, the music made the movie creepy and suspenseful and the editing made the images much more potent and horrifying. If the movie only contained one of these three cinematic techniques, it might not have been considered formalist. Though, this film contained three major formalist techniques (and many minor ones) and that dominance pulled the film towards formalism instead of classicism. Stanley Kubrick makes mostly formalist films, and they are definitely different; there is no arguing that.He has a style to his films that can’t avoid being formalist, he’s just a formalist kind of person, he doesn’t follow the mainstrea m. This may be why he decided to incorporate the steadicam in The Shining. It may also be why he chose screeching instruments for his diegetic music, and it may also be why he chose to edit his scenes the way he did. Altogether this created a formalist horror film that experienced much success. I wonder if he were still alive, would today’s Hollywood classicism change his style? Or would he still be the same formalist director he was for The Shining?

Unemployment and inflation

The rise in energy prices reduces the productivity of capital per worker. This causes sf(k) to shift down from sfl(k) to sf2(k). The result is a decline in steady-state k. Steady-state consumption per worker falls for two reasons: (1) Each unit of capital has a lower productivity, and (2) steady-state k is reduced. population growth rate permanently increased due to increased immigration Immigration raises n from nl to n2. The rise in n lowers steady-state k, leading toa lower steady-state consumption per worker. c.A temporary rise in s has no effect on the steady-state equilibrium. . The increase in the labor force participation rate does not affect the growth rate of the labor force, so there is no impact on the steady-state capital-labor ratio or on consumption per worker. However, because a larger fraction of the population is working, consumption per person increases. Question 4 How would each of the following affect the national saving, investment the current account balance an d the real interest rate in the large economy (a) The home countrys saving curve shifts to the right, from Sl to S2.The real world interest rate falls, so that the current account surplus in the home country equals the current ccount deficit in the foreign country. National S rises, I rises, CA rises, rw falls. (b) The foreign countrys saving curve shifts to the right, from Sl For to S2For. The real world interest rate must fall, so the current account surplus in the foreign country equals the current account deficit in the home country. National S falls, I rises, CA falls, rw falls.C The foreign countrys saving curve shifts to the left, from Sl For to S2For. The real world interest rate must rise, so the current account deficit in the foreign country equals the current account surplus in the home country. National S rises, I falls, CA ises, rw rises. (c) If Ricardian equivalence holds, there is no effect. If Ricardian equivalence does not hold, then the result is the same as in par t (b), as the toreign count saving curve shifts to the right.That is because all else equal, higher taxes increase government saving more than they reduce private saving. Question 3. Explain how each of the following transaction would enter the Bahamas Question 3 a Income receipt from abroad: credit entry in current account. b Import of assets: debit entry in capital and financial account. (c Import of services: debit entry in current account. (d Increase in foreign ownership of U. S. assets: credit entry in capital and financial account. Question2.Assume (a) Desired consumption declines as the real interest rate rises because the higher return to saving encourages higher saving; desired investment declines as the real interest rate rises becauses the user cost of capital is higher, reducing the desired capital stock, and thus investment. (b) Recall that Sd = Y -Cd – G, so Sd = 9000 -Cd – ld 2 6100 1 500 3 1400 1 ooo 4 5900 1300 1100 9200 5 1200 6 5700 equilibrium. Giv en Y 9000, the equili brium condition holds only at r = 5%. Atr = 5% it is also true that Sd = = 1200. Question 1Keynesians and classicals differ sharply in their beliefs about how long it takes the economy to reach a long-run equilibrium. Classical economists believe that prices adjust rapidly (within a few months) to restore equilibrium in the face of a shock, while Keynesians believe that prices adjust slowly, taking perhaps several years. Because of the time it takes for the economy's equilibrium to be restored, Keynesians see an important role for the government in fighting recessions. But because classicals believe that equilibrium is restored quickly, there's no need for government policy to fght recessions.Since classicals think equilibrium is restored quickly in the face of shocks, aggregate demand shocks can't cause recessions, since they can't affect output for very long. So classical economists think recessions are caused by aggregate supply shocks. Keynesians, however, think that both aggregate demand and aggregate supply shocks are capable of causing recessions. Question 8 Growth that is â€Å"too rapid† most likely refers to a situation in which the aggregate demand curve has shifted to the right and, in the short run, intersects the SRAS curve at a level of output that's greater than the full-employment level of output.This situation is associated with inflation because, in the long run, prices will rise, shifting the SRAS curve up to intersect with the LRAS and AD curves. The shock that is implicitly assumed to be hitting the economy is an aggregate demand shock, since that's the only shock that increases output in the short run and inflation in the long run. Question 10 The temporary increase in government purchases causes an income effect that increases workers' labor supply. This results in an increase in the full-employment level of output from FEI to FE2 in Figure 10. 10.The increase in government urchases also shifts the IS curve up and to the right from ISI to IS2, as it reduces national saving. Assuming that the shift up of the IS curve is so large that it intersects the LM curve to the right of the FE line, the price level must rise to get back to equilibrium at full employment, by shifting the LM curve up and to the left from LMI to LM2. The result is an increase in output and the real interest rate. figure 10. 11 shows the impact on the labor market. Labor supply shifts from NSI to NS2, leading to a decline in the real wage and a rise in employment.Average labor productivity declines, since employment rises while capita ixed. Investmentdeclines, since the real interest rate rises. To summarize, in response to a temporary increase in government purchases, output, the real interest rate, the price level, and employment rise, while average labor productivity and investment decline. (a) The business cycle fact is that employment is procyclical. The model is consistent with this fact, since employment rises when government purchases rise, causing output to rise. (b) The business cycle fact is that the real wage is mildly procyclical.The model is inconsistent with this fact, since it shows a decline in the real wage when government purchases rise and c) The business cycle fact is that average labor productivity is output rises. procyclical. The model is inconsistent with this fact, since it shows a decline in average labor productivity when government purchases rise and output rises. (d) The business cycle fact is that investment is procyclical. The model is not consistent with this fact, as investment falls when government purchases rise and output rises. (e) The business cycle fact is that the price level is procyclical.The model is consistent with this fact, as the price level rises when government purchases increase and output increases. Question 6 and 7 (a) An increase in government purchases reduces national saving, causing the real interest rate to rise for a fixed level of incom e. If the real interest rate is higher, then real money demand will be lower. The price level must rise. The result is that output is unchanged, the real interest rate increases, and the price level increases. 6 (b) 7aWhen expected inflation falls, real money demand increases.There is no effect on employment, saving or investment, so output and the real interest rate remain unchanged. With higher real money demand and an unchanged nominal money supply, the equilibrium price level must decline. b) When labor supply rises, full- employment output increases. Higher output means higher income, so saving will increase. More saving means the real interest rate will decline. Both higher output and a lower real interest rate increase real money demand. Higher money demand with a constant money supply means the price level must decline. 17 c When the interest rate paid on money increases, real money demand rises. That is because the cost of holding money falls. With no effect on employment o r saving and investment, output and the real interest rate remain unchanged. With higher real money demand and an unchanged nominal money supply, the quilibrium price level must decline. Question 11 and 12 In Figures 11 . 17-11. 20, point A is the starting point, point B shows the short-run equilibrium after the change, and point C shows the long-run equilibrium after the change. (a) In Figure 11. 7, when banks pay a higher interest rate on checking accounts, the demand for money rises, shifting the LM curve up and to the left from LMI to LM2 in Figure 11 . 17(a). As a result, the AD curve shifts down and to the 2 in Figure ) The new snort-run equilibrium occurs at point B, where output is lower, the real interest rate is higher, employment is lower, and the price level is unchanged. In the long run, the price level decreases to shift the LM curve from LM2 to LM3, which is the same as LMI, to restore equilibrium at point C. As a result, the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts do wn from SRASI to SRAS2.At the new equilibrium, compared to the starting point, output is the same, the real interest rate is the same, employment is the same, and the price level is lower. Figure 11. 17 (b) In Figure 11. 18, the introduction of credit cards reduces the demand for money†shifting the LM curve down and to the right from LMI to LM2 in Figure 11 . 18(a). As a result, the AD curve shifts from ADI to AD2 in Figure 11. 8(b). The new short-run equilibrium occurs at point B, where output is higher, the real interest rate is lower, employment is higher, and the price level is unchanged.In the long run, the price level increases to shift the LM curve from LM2 to LM3, which is the same as LMI, to restore equilibrium at point C. As a result, the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts up from SRASI to SRAS2. At the new equilibrium, compared to the starting point, output is the same, the real interest rate is the same, employment is the same, and the price level is higher. F igure 11. 18 (c) In Figure 11. 9, the reduction in agricultural output shifts the FE curve to the left from FEI to FE2, and shifts the LRAS line from LRASI to LRAS2.The rise in agricultural prices increases the price level, so the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts up from SRASI to SRAS2. Also, the rise in the price level shifts the LM curve up and to the left from LMI to LM2. The short-run equilibrium is at point B, assuming that the LM curve shifts so much that it intersects the IS curve to the left of the FE line. At point B, compared to the starting point, output is lower, the real interest rate is higher, employment is lower, and the price level is higher. Figure 11. 19 If the water shortage persists, a new long-run equilibrium occurs at point C.To get to this equilibrium, the price level must decline, shifting the LM curve from LM2 to LM3, and the short-run aggregate supply curve from SRAS2 to SRAS3. Relative to point B, the new equilibrium has a higher output level, a lo wer real interest rate, higher employment, and a lower price level. (Relative to the initial equilibrium at point A, output and employment are lower, and the real interest rate and the price level are higher.

Character Analysis of Florante and Laura Essay

I. Florante at Laura Florante and Laura are the main characters of the great metrical romance of arguably the greatest Filipino poet, Francisco Balagtas. Florante is the son of Duke Briseo and Princess Floresca of Albania and the main protagonist of the romance. Laura is the daughter of King Linceo of Albania and the love interest of Florante and is later married to him. This is a package deal, because they can’t stand alone on their own for their cultural meaning stems from them being together, as they symbolize love overcoming extreme difficulties, even the great divide of culture, family and religion. The relationship between Florante and Laura is so divine and special because their love for each other proved that love conquers all. Their love for each mother must set a standard to all of us that we should fight for the one we love and cherish the most. In the story, even if there were so many obstacles and problems that came into their lives they still manage to maintain what they have for each other. It should be an example to all of us of how real love is. II. Comparison or Parallelism Local: Crisostomo Ibarra and Maria Clara Crisostomo Ibarra and Maria Clara are the two protagonists in Jose Rizal’s novel Noli Me Tangere. They share a love that even distance can’t break. Just like the happenings between Florante and Laura. They’ve been separated or away from each other for some days, weeks, months or even years but their love stay. Another similarity is the love triangle present in both stories. In Florante and Laura, there is Adolfo who wants to destroy the love between the lovers to get Laura. In Noli Me Tangere, there is Linares who wants to marry Maria Clara. Even if there’s someone who tried to ruin their love they still remain faithful to each other. One of the best similarities of them is  that they are willing to die just to protect each other. Crisostomo is ready to fight the Spaniards or even the priests to set Maria Clara free but unfortunately Maria Clara died inside the convent and Crisostomo was left with revenge and guilt in his heart. On the other hand, Florante fight his enemies even if it means that it’ll cost his life. Good thing Florante manage to stay alive. Foreign: Romeo and Juliet The very famous Romeo and Juliet can be compared to our very own Florante and Laura because of the flow of their story and most significantly its theme. The theme is the difference of their culture and family. The Montagues and the Capulets are very nice enemies so if someone established an intimate relationship with one another it’s a sin. In Florante and Laura, there’s a conflict between cultures and because of that their families became nice enemies also. Same as Crisostomo Ibarra and Florante, Romeo has a competitor also for the hands and heart of Juliet, his name is Paris. Paris is the suitor of Juliet and the Capulets want Paris to be Juliet’s husband but we all know that Romeo is the one for Juliet. This shows that if you really love the person you will not be attracted to another person even if he do good to you or even if your family wants him for you. You should follow your heart if it is what makes you happy, you should fight for it even if it means that you will have a battle and war between people. The good thing that happens in the end of both stories is of course when their families finally have peace. This happened on Romeo and Juliet when both families realize that it’s wrong to fight each other for a very long time if they should have resolved it from the very first time it occurs when Romeo and Juliet died together. In Florante and Laura peace was made when all of the fights were ended and their religions and culture became one. III. Conclusion The similarities on the characters are very obvious. They would do anything for love and they symbolize love as being able to overcome obstacles and problems in life. I’ve learned that love conquers all and if you really love someone you should not be ashamed to fight for it even if the things that you will encounter are as hard as a diamond. Time flies so fast you’ll never know what will happen so you must cherish and do everything you can do to make every moment lasts. I think another thing that I’ve learned is that you should not be fooled by prejudice because some conflicts are caused by that. But the main lesson of the stories and the characters is love is unconditional and sacrificial.

Music 100 Concert Report Essay

Allegro, as the first movement is named, means to have a quick paced tempo. This movement starts with the first and second violins playing followed by the cello and viola, then finally the clarinet comes in over the rest of the musicians. This movement may be fast paced, but the tone of the movement is melancholy in some areas. The theme of the movement is played several times over. The theme of Allegro is the opening phrases where the first and second violins start, then add in the cello and viola, then the clarinet. This repeating phrase throughout the first movement helps create a pattern and a story. What is interesting in this movement is that the opening theme sets up the rest of the piece. Brahms changes the theme in each movement, but this original theme is still present in each movement after. The end of Allegro is built up into a large climax by using crescendo, a heavier and more violent bow stroke, and more rapid notes than are present in the rest of the piece. The Adagio, in contrast to the first movement, is slower paced and softer. The tone of this movement is in great contrast to the first as well. The mood is dark and full of anguish and despair, whereas in the first the mood was lighter. This mood is created by the difference in the style in which the musicians are playing. The clarinet in this movement plays lower notes that are sustained for long periods of time while the violin plays the melody over it. The first two movements of the piece are much lengthier than the last two movements. The third movement, Andantino, is faster than andante- which is a walking pace- but slower than moderato. The tempo marking andantino is more lively than andante. The third movement serves as a transition into the last movement. In this movement there is pizzicato, which is the plucking of the strings on a string instrument. The first and second violins, cello, and viola use this technique in this movement while  the clarinet plays the melody over them. The first violin adds in by playing on the string again, and then the rest of the strings add in playing using their bows instead of plucking the strings. The fourth movement, Con moto, is different from the previous movements because of the tone and style of this section, but it also revisits the original theme of the first movement, which ties all the movements together. The original theme is used as a framing device throughout the entire piece. Between each time the theme is played, there are different styles of other themes played. Some are mellower while others are more of a scherzo, which is a lively part within a larger work. This piece was preformed wonderfully by the GVSU Chamber Players. They played passionately and because of this, the audience could better understand the piece and what Brahms intended the audience to feel when they listened to his work. The players made great use of dynamics throughout the piece and they were very skilled in the different styles Brahms wrote into the music. I really enjoyed the concert and look forward to going to another soon.

International Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Business Management - Essay Example The resources that the investor would like to control most are trademarks, patents and management know how that can be used to determine the competitiveness position of the initial holder (Schutter et al., 2013, p. 81). FDI can be horizontal or vertical. Horizontal FDI occurs when a company invests in the same trade as it has been dealing with at home (Chen, 2000, pp. 91–95). Vertical FDI has two forms, that is, forward and backward FDI. Forward vertical FDI occurs when a company invests in amenities that will devour the output of the original firm in the home country. The backward vertical FDI takes place where a firm invests in the facilities that provide raw materials or inputs to the home country (Schutter et al., 2013, p. 82). Coca cola has become the largest soft drink firm globally since it was formulated 140 years ago in Georgia United States. Currently, the company has its product in more than 200 countries worldwide serving more than 16 million people. The process of Coca Cola company investment in China started in 1979 after China and United States restored their diplomatic relations. The first Coca cola manufacturing factory was launched in 1981 in Beijing. The process of decision making consists of different stages and decision making along the way. The foremost phase of the process is the consideration for exportation possibility, in which the Coca Cola company managers determined if they can export their product to China. To make this decision the company considers transportation costs and the importation barrier. In case the transportation costs and importation barriers are too high, the Coca Cola Company discards the idea for exporting their product to China. In this notion it is impossible for the Coca Cola Company to export their soft drinks all the way to China, therefore, a different approach is used. The Company may think of joint venture alliances in the China market by

Contemporary issues in marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary issues in marketing - Essay Example Several global companies have been designing marketing strategies since the wake of the 21st century technological development and the financial crisis in recent times, and some of them have actually survived the hard economic times. One of the companies that have had an outstanding market strategy in the 21st century is Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyota is one of the leading automakers in the world, with a wide range of vehicle models for its customers. The company’s sale in 2002 estimates around 6.17 million units worldwide. In addition, the company has more than 11 manufacturing affiliates and subsidiaries and 12 plants, 45 manufacturing companies with locations in 27 countries all over the world. One of the major contributing factors for the company’s success is its marketing communication strategies. Marketing communication include practices like advertising, packaging, publicity, public relations, sponsorships, sales promotion among others. Marketing Communication Toyota marketing communication strategy employs both product-led information and communication plan around specific vehicle brands, as well as corporate-led communication on its objectives in the industry. This is an effective mode of marketing strategy considering that Toyota is a monolithic corporate brand. The corporate objectives are part of the Global Vision Document unveiled in 2010 as a managerial guide for the company. For instance, according to Grant 2005, Toyota ran articles in the Japan Times in 2003 educating the readers on the environmentally friendliness of its â€Å"green† cars The company is also establishing a leaf care logo to portray its efforts in reducing environmental effects of its products in the sector, its plants, and all the processes. This part of its communication strategy enhances its relations with the community that buys its products, as well as those living in its workshops’ neighborhood. Toyota has been establishing initiatives that he lp it communicate with the communities within its market target. Some of these initiatives include volunteer services to the surrounding community and financial assistance in form of grants. By engaging in such activities, Toyota is sending a message to the outside world of its social responsibility, a factor of consideration that influences the customers’ preference in the automobile market. These efforts highlight it as a responsible company that offers reliable products, thus capturing and maintaining a market niche for it. In addition to its environmentally conscious efforts, the company has consistently been enhancing its employees’ awareness on environmental credibility concern through bulletins within the company, environmental booklets issued to employees at the company’s sites, educative seminars, and events held on occasional basis, like the Environment month. The company also rewards employees who involve themselves with voluntary services like creati ng awareness of environmental responsibility through initiatives like tree-planting, cleaning riverbanks, and others. January 2002 saw the introduction of a new communication exercise that incorporates screening of movies (Like Erin Brokovich) to inform them of the benefits of the environment. To understand the Toyota marketing communication str

Video in the Newsroom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video in the Newsroom - Research Paper Example The research bases most information in relation to New York Times practices. The New York Times newspaper initiated the use of videos in newsrooms following the dawn of digitalized technology and an aspect that propelled sales and profits. The company adapts to the practice and is able to reduce paperwork and unnecessary workforce (Hale c1). The company acquires an edge of efficiency as the editors find ease in making story scripts through the relay of videos. The company prints information promptly and reaches the buyer on time. Therefore, the editors post intense and accurate information online to reach the desired reader (Cornelissen, 78). The New York Times implements that the photographers should work closely to the live footage journalists who cast the videos on the occurrence of the events. The newspaper company establishes that the photographers should take still photos, and write scripts to remain informative to the occurrence of the events (Hale c1). New York Times’ photographers cast video scripts to support their still photos, and written scripts. Therefore, the use of videos in the newsrooms affect the photographers to present supported information to the editors who find ease in revising information, attaching relevant information to the chosen articles and promptly posting it online (Day 48). New York Times relays most of the news via websites to cover a wider area. The company saves unnecessary expenses through the criteria as transport cost reduce accordingly. The use of videos in newsrooms, and in online relay of information curbs the low-income earners from accessing information. The company notes that most of the readers to newspapers lack access to digital informative sources. The newspaper company seeks to reach all the readers accordingly but deviating to the online channels curbs some readers out of reach. Therefore, use of

Proposal Argument Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Proposal Argument - Assignment Example Data in support of more bicycle lanes V. The Safety Aspect of Bicycling a. How street bike lanes make city biking safer for all concerned b. The â€Å"Safety Numbers† effect VI. Conclusion More Bicycle Lanes Will Make Street Biking Safer and Reduce Street Biking Accidents Bicycles have been a standard mode of transportation for people far longer than the cars have been in existence. These bone shakers were the preferred method of the early Americans when it came to getting around their neighborhood on errands and trips to visit friends. It has always been considered one of the most cost - effective, if not the most cost effective ways of transportation because of the method by which the mode of transport works, it does not require the use of gasoline. Health experts have argued and defended the positive effects of bicycling on the health of people. Environmentalists have pointed out the advantages of bicycling in terms of nature preservation and reduction of gas emissions into the atmosphere. Yet with all of these expert opinions abounding, it seems that the local governments have chosen to turn a deaf ear to the fact that our city would greatly benefit from the expansion of the current number of bicycle lanes in the city to a number that would actually have a positive impact on the traffic situation in the city, and address the growing concern for the safety of the increasing number of cyclists in our city streets. We have grown up in a â€Å"car culture† society. This means that we looks towards our automotive vehicles as our primary and only mode of transport. our culture saw bike riders as a danger to the â€Å"open door† situation of cars that were parked along the curb of sidewalks where bicycles were relegated to in the absence of actual bicycle lanes. There was a real fear that the cyclists would damage the car doors by slamming into them and causing a serious roadside accident. But, according to the Boston Cyclists Union (â€Å"Bi ke Lanes, The Reasoning Behind Them and a Bit of Boston History†) ; A typical argument from this anti-bike-lane crew is that bike lanes put riders closer to or inside the door zone. The city of Cambridge’s 2005 Hampshire Street Study has been called the â€Å"nail in the coffin† of that argument. Instead of moving into the door zone after a new bike lane was installed, people moved further away from it... The average distance away from the cars increased by only 2.4 inches. But the distribution of distances narrowed, so far fewer riders rode really close to the doors and about 8 percent of riders moved completely out of the door zone. Typical biking accidents include off-road riding, trick riding or racing. Due to the fact that there are only limited bike lanes available in the city, cyclists have to battle for street space with the cars. Due to the nature of the vehicle, not much protection is offered to the cyclist in the event of an accident. Gathered informat ion about biking accidents from 2008-2009 show that in the city of Toronto, There were 2, 335 injured cyclists admitted to their emergency rooms (Badger, Emily â€Å"Dedicated Bike Lanes Can Cut Cycling Injuries in Half†). The results of the study in Canada which were published in the American Journal of Public Health further explained that these injuries were sustained on 14 different types of streets lanes. These street paths included (Schmitt, Angie â€Å"Study: Protected Bike Lanes Reduce Injury Risk Up to 90 Percent†

Speech Audiometry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Speech Audiometry - Essay Example Use of hearing aids of many types and formats can bring normalcy and comfort to patient short fallings relates to listening and recognition of words which may result in improvement of professional capabilities, understanding relationships with others, self-confidence and self-satisfaction. Many researches were conducted in past and still going on for effective detection of primary listening disabilities. Scientists study speech as auditory signal to test new equipment. Since the advent of speech audiometry, it has helped in differentiating hearing aids from one another and so has come to be known as the basic assessment of the ability of hearing. Due to the significance and accuracy of its results; it has also been considered as the foundation in the hearing aid evaluation of the majority of speech. Hence, speech audiometry became the centre of evaluation in audiology and the primary methods used now are the same that were used in the 1920's. The research for speech audiometry has not only been vastly useful but also is revolutionary in regard to the technological advances. Communication ability of a person is considered very important thus, continual research on the subject has been going on for the past 60 years and more. The credit not only goes to the scientists but even to the military investigators, industrial development and clinical audiology researchers. In rel History: In relation to the hearing aid fitting procedure, speech audiometry serves its purpose through assessing the effect of occlusion, analysis of intelligibility, evaluation of quality, and degree of loudness. Comparative hearing aid assessments also used speech audiometry as the main evaluation of performance. In the late 1940s, speech testing started being used for evaluating and differentiating hearing aids due to its advancement speech audiometry quickly became the preferred method to evaluate real-ear hearing aid performance. Speech testing assesses how amply speech is understood. Surveys conducted in the 1970s show that almost 85% of audiologists were using speech testing when fitting hearing aid. But after almost 30 years it was realized that these methods were not reliable enough to secure investment by selecting hearing aids in a large amount of clinical time. As the 1980s rolled on, use of speech audiometry in hearing aid fittings dropped to an exceptionally low level. All this was caused because it was seen that hearing aid dispensing is a much less time consuming process than speech testing and fitting approaches were the ones comprising of functional gain rather than speech audiometry. It also lacked the sensitivity to distinguish small differences on an individual basis in hearing aid performance. The benefits received were limited in regard to the time taken to get to them. Due to the technological advancement of that time, the industry started using in-the-ear hearing aid fittings as they effectively eradicated the comparative hearing aid evaluation approach altogether. Recent Research: Eventually in the 1990s, speech testing was on the whole, rarely used for hearing aid differentiation and aided speech testing was